Feedlot

From the fields and feedlots, nutrient is transported to facilities, where more fossil fuel, more water, more than chemicals, and electricity are used to process and package the nutrient.

From: Environmental Diet , 2019

Overview of cattle production systems

Marcia I. Endres , Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein , in Advances in Cattle Welfare, 2018

1.3.3 Feedlot product system

The feedlot sector represents an intensive product system with the goal of growing and or fattening cattle until they attain slaughter weight. The feedlot sector tin can be further divided into growing (backgrounding) and finishing (fattening) phases. In North America the backgrounding phase (typically the commencement ninety days after arrival for feedlot calves) focuses on feeding high-provender/depression-grain rations with the goal of maximizing growth and minimizing fatty deposition. Welfare problems in the backgrounding stage can include injuries during handling associated with revaccination and implant protocols, equally well as increased morbidity due to the stressors related to transition from the ranch to the feedlot indicated before. The finishing phase (typically the last 100 days afterwards backgrounding) focuses on feeding high-grain/depression-provender rations to backgrounded calves or yearlings until they accomplish a prescribed finish (fat comprehend) before marketing for slaughter. Welfare issues in the fattening phase are predominantly related to the feeding and include free gas bloat, acidosis, liver abscesses, and laminitis, all of which are associated with loftier concentrate feeding typical in N America and Europe. Some feedlots focus solely on either backgrounding or finishing, nonetheless, it is not uncommon to have ane feedlot feed calves from growth to finish. Some ranches take their ain feedlot facilities where cattle are bred and finished for slaughter past the aforementioned producer, only this is less common. Although pasture finishing is the most predominant arrangement in Brazil, a growing percentage of cattle are being finished in feedlots (approximately the terminal 70 days before slaughter) where they are fed a nutrition with higher forage content than North American cattle ( Millen et al., 2009).

Both the background and finishing (fattening) phases of the feedlot sector utilise the same housing and facilities. The phases are defined more by the blazon of cattle and how they are fed rather than the way they are housed. Consequently, the following clarification will cover the environmental/housing atmospheric condition of both and will be referred to as 'feedlot production' in this section.

Feedlot production represents an intensive confinement system that has high input costs (compared with suckler calf and stocker production) associated with extensive infrastructure, feeding, medical, and labor costs. In that location are 2 types of feedlots, outdoor and indoor. The outdoor feedlot is suited for drier climates (Fig. 1.25). In addition to animal condolement, indoor facilities as well function to keep feed and bedding dry out. Information technology is for these reasons that in wetter climates cattle are housed indoors or in partially enclosed shelters or barns. The main difference between indoor and outdoor lots is that indoor feedlots are much smaller and hold fewer cattle per pen but at college stocking density. They unremarkably have slatted floors and so the manure tin can to fall through to a holding pit (Fig. 1.26A). The indoor facility, equally is implied, has a roof and side walls (solid or curtains) that can be opened when weather is moderate (Fig. 1.26B). With the exception of these features, indoor and outdoor facilities are very similar.

Figure 1.25. Outdoor feedlot facility.

 Source: Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Effigy 1.26. (A) Fully enclosed (indoor) feedlot facility with slatted floors and (B) semi open feedlot facility.

 Source: (A) Photo courtesy of Dr Derek Haley. (B) Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

In temperate climates both indoor and outdoor feedlots typically have barns for handling and processing cattle (known every bit processing barns). The barns incorporate pens and handling equipment such as holding pens (Fig. i.27), a oversupply tub and curved or directly chute (Fig. i.28) that leads to a squeeze chute (Fig. 1.29) where the cattle can be restrained to receive vaccinations or other medical treatments. The barn can be completely or partially airtight which is more than for the comfort of the feedlot staff than the animals. In tropical climates, barns are not as common and usually only consist of the handling components of the facility such equally the crowd pen, chutes, and clasp chutes. European feedlots accept minimal treatment equipment or infrastructure such as central handling alleys which makes treatment a welfare issue for both the cattle and the stock attendants.

Figure ane.27. Example of a central handling alley with holding pens.

 Source: Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Figure one.28. An example of a crowd tub and curved chute within a processing barn.

 Source: Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Figure 1.29. A squeeze chute used to restrain cattle for the commitment of vaccinations or medical treatments.

 Source: Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

A typical outdoor feedlot has perimeter besides as internal fencing. In temperate climates, porosity fencing is constructed to reduce the furnishings of wind arctic (Fig. i.30). Heat stress can be more severe in feedlot environments where cattle may have piffling access to shade, are in shut proximity to other cattle and take loftier heat loads associated with rumen fermentation. It is for these reasons that heat stress abatement strategies are used in hotter regions and include sprinklers or shade structures within the pens. For example, every year hundreds of cattle die during heat waves in the United states where daily and evening temperatures are like and cattle have no manner of dissipating their heat load.

Figure i.thirty. Outdoor feedlot with perimeter and porosity fencing.

 Source: Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

All feedlots have feed troughs/bunks lined forth i side of the pen where feed tin be delivered unremarkably by trucks or tractors (Fig. 1.31). Bunks proceed feed from being scattered and minimize contamination from manure and mud. Feed bunks can exist made of wood, metallic or concrete and oft have a concrete frock in front of them so that cattle can stand on a level surface while feeding (Fig. one.31). Each pen contains a h2o trough that is usually automatic and a raised dirt mound or sloped area where straw or wood chip bedding can be spread. The mound or sloped surface area supplies an surface area where cattle can lie downwards peculiarly when the pens get excessively dingy during rainy or snow thaw periods (Fig. ane.32). Depending on the size of the pen, cattle are housed in groups ranging in size from l to 350 head. Pens are graded to a slope that allows drainage. In both indoor and outdoor systems welfare may be compromised as a event of muddied pen conditions. In comparison to pasture atmospheric condition there is an increased incidence of lameness and injury because mud creates slippery atmospheric condition and facilitates spread of infectious claw-related disease such equally human foot rot or digital dermatitis (Stokka et al., 2001). At that place is limited inquiry on beef cattle lameness in feedlots with concrete or slatted floors. However, hook health appears better for beef cattle kept in straw yards or deep litter rather than on slatted floors (Tessitore et al., 2009). Mud also makes locomotion more difficult and results in greater energy expenditure and can besides affect oestrus loss. There is also evidence that cattle lying behavior may be affected by mud. Overall movement may be more than limited within a feedlot pen versus on pasture equally a result of higher stocking density and available space per animal likewise as the effects of excessive mud which is known to limit ambulation inside the pen.

Figure 1.31. Feed bunks with concrete apron in an outdoor feedlot.

 Source: Photograph courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Figure 1.32. Dirt mounds or slopped areas are used to provide drier areas in outdoor feedlots.

 Source: Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Read total chapter

URL:

https://world wide web.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081009383000012

Free energy REQUIREMENTS OF ALTERNATIVE Beef PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN COLORADO

Gerald M. Ward , ... Terence P. Yorks , in Agriculture and Energy, 1977

Feedlot model

Feedlots are totally dependent upon harvested feed ingredients from the ingather production model. Three rations were considered. The daily feed ingredients in the rations on a dry-matter basis for a typical 825 lb average weight of beef animal are given in Tabular array four. The expected average daily gains are iii.0 lb/solar day for rations 1 and 2, and only 2.ane lb/day for ration iii.

Tabular array 4. Rations for Feedlot Cattle. (Lb/caput/solar day, for beef cattle of 825 lb average weight.)

Ingredient Ration 1 Ration two Ration 3
Corn grain 18.0 – –
Flaked corn – sixteen.0 –
Beet lurid pellets – two.0 –
Soybean meal 1.0 1.0 1.0
Corn silage (dry wt) 2.four 1.8 12.0
Alfalfa hay – – 2.0

Three bones weight intervals for beef production were considered in the model. Calves produced past the rangeland models weigh 440 lb. The backgrounding stage feeds the cattle until a 715 lb weight. The last finishing stage raises the weight to 1100 lb. The above daily rations are converted into full rations needed to raise the weight from 440 to 715 lb and from 715 to 1100 lb. National Research Council guidelines [25] are used in the conversion. Feed processing varies with the ration so that separate activities are bachelor for grinding and flaking operations.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/commodity/pii/B9780124542501500344

Nutrition, feeding and management of beefiness cattle in intensive and all-encompassing product systems

Tim A. McAllister , ... Gabriel Ribeiro , in Fauna Agriculture, 2020

Finishing

Finishing feedlots are larger than backgrounding feedlots and usually house >ten,000 head of cattle, with 150–200 animals per pen ( Fig. v.one). Dissimilar backgrounding diets, finishing feedlot diets comprise high amounts of concentrate feeds (>seventy%) and are designed to increase both subcutaneous and intramuscular (marbling) fat. To avert digestive disturbances, like ruminal acidosis and bloat, calves must be carefully transitioned from provender-based to concentrate-based diets during finishing. This process unremarkably requires a series of 2–4 diets, where the corporeality of concentrate feeds is gradually increased over a period of ii–four   weeks. Reducing the duration of accommodation to less than ii weeks can impair the growth performance of cattle. 26 This transition period is the fourth dimension when cattle are at greatest risk of developing acidosis or bloat. When cattle start arrive at finishing feedlots they are typically provided with access to a total mixed ration (TMR) receiving diet, consisting primarily of forage and a smaller proportion of concentrate. Initially, the feed intake of newly arrived cattle can be very depression and some cattle may not consume feed. 27 The introduction of the concluding high-concentrate diet is typically withheld until all cattle have settled into solitude and exhibit consequent and stable feed intake.

Abrupt diet change from forage to grain has been reported by many researchers to result in ruminal acidosis. 7 Fifty-fifty when dietary concentrate is increased using a footstep-upwards arroyo, increases in concentrate may crusade acidosis. On the first mean solar day of each transition, low ruminal pH values are mutual and Klopfenstein et al. 28 concluded that during adaptation, information technology is probable that all cattle experience at least some mild level of acidosis. In contrast, Bevans et al. 29 achieved this aforementioned objective using a single nutrition and encountered only a few cases of clinical acidosis. Others have proposed that subclinical acidosis is mainly caused by the high ruminal concentrations of volatile fatty acids arising from the fermentation of starch. xxx Low ruminal pH also reduces the diversity of both bacteria and protozoa within the rumen microbiome, 31,32 an issue that is also associated with a reduction in fiber digestibility. 33 A shorter adaptation menses to grain-based diets tends to exist associated with greater variability in pH among individuals equally opposed to an accented pH refuse. 29 Under these weather condition a small-scale proportion of the herd, typically < two% may develop clinical acidosis. The risk of clinical acidosis and the occurrence of subclinical acidosis can be reduced by increasing the proportion or lowering the quality of the forage in the diet. 34 This serves to reduce the rate of ruminal volatile fatty acid production and stimulates rumination and the production of saliva, which contains sodium bicarbonate that buffers ruminal pH. Expert feeding management tin minimize both the occurrence and severity of acidosis, but as long as feedlot cattle are finished on loftier-grain diets, acidosis volition pose a wellness risk. A detailed understanding of clinical acidosis has been hampered past its low rate of occurrence and the multitude of factors that contribute to the disease (Fig. five.2).

Fig. v.2. Possible factors and interrelationships affecting acidosis in feedlot cattle. Solid arrows bespeak relationships known to exist with a high degree of confidence, whereas dotted arrows represent putative relationships.

 Adapted from Galyean ML, Eng KS. Awarding of inquiry findings and summary of research needs - bud britton memorial symposium on metabolic disorders of feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 1998;76:323–327.

Read full affiliate

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/commodity/pii/B9780128170526000057

Feedlot Vaccination Protocols

Janey Fifty. Gordon , Daniel U. Thomson , in Food Animal Practice (Fifth Edition), 2009

CLOSTRIDIAL DISEASES

Clostridial disease in feedlots may be rare because of the all-encompassing use of clostridial vaccines in cattle before entering the feedlot. However, clostridial diseases that tin can establish in the feedlot include malignant edema (Clostridium septicum), blackleg (Clostridium chauvoei), blackness disease (Clostridium novyi blazon B), redwater affliction (C. novyi type D), enterotoxemia (C. perfringens type D), bacillary hemoglobinuria (Clostridium hemolyticum), and tetanus (Clostridium tetani). l,51 Some clostridial vaccinations have been associated with injection-site lesions, so concerns have developed for prudent utilise of these vaccines. Despite the potential for injection-site lesions, the 1994 National Animal Health Monitoring Organisation report indicated that 34.iv% of feedlots with fewer than g caput used clostridial vaccines, whereas 91% of larger feedlots vaccinated confronting one or more clostridial agents. To answer to the topic on injection-site lesions with clostridial vaccines, the National Cattlemen'due south Beef Association's Beefiness Quality Assurance task force released recommendations, which include the use of subcutaneous injections whenever possible. Furthermore, after the main immunization with clostridial bacterins, repeat or multiple injections should exist discontinued, especially late in the feeding period.

A common consensus among feedlot veterinarians is to administer a clostridial vaccine to calves on arrival. Notwithstanding, information technology is probably not advantageous to administrate more one clostridial vaccine after arrival to the feedlot. Several studies accept shown detrimental effects on feedlot performance afterwards a booster of clostridial vaccine. 1 such study reported a xx% decrease in feed consumption in response to a 2d vaccination with a multivalent vaccine. 52 Additionally, some other study indicated there was no event on the incidence of sudden death syndrome later a second vaccination. 19

Read full affiliate

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416035916101253

Biotechnological Approaches to Better Sustainable Milk and Meat Yield in Bovines

Cristina Castillo , ... Joaquín Hernández , in Reference Module in Food Science, 2017

North-Derivatives Control

Reactive nitrogen from feed yards could negatively influence the air and h2o quality in the upshot of volatilization of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and leaching and runoff of nitrate (NO3 −), or other forms of organic and inorganic Northward. The review performed by Waldrip et al. (2015a) offers current evaluation methods to mitigate losses of North from feed yards, identifying the gaps that require further inquiry. Co-ordinate to this information, there are key factors to study: feed yard manure direction and cattle diet.

•

Nitrogen-rest studies showed that but about 15% of the N flow through a feed chiliad remains in animal tissue (average of 25   g animal twenty-four hours-1), and that virtually of the Northward (44%) was lost to the atmosphere or as runoff, whereas only 41% was removed with harvested manure.

•

Dietary concentration of proteins and its ruminal deposition were the primary factors affecting the quantity and route of excretion (urine vs. feces) of N by beef cattle.

In relation to ammonia (NH3) other review of Waldrip et al. (2015b) reports the state of the scientific discipline concerning feed yard NHthree and evaluate methods to mitigate their losses. Briefly, the review shows the following:

•

Up to xc% of feed yard NH3 originates from urine deposited in animal pens, just the magnitude of this loss depends on both weather and management practices

•

Feed thou NH3 emissions are higher in summertime than winter, largely considering of increased temperature

•

Both urea excretion and subsequent NH3 emission increased with dietary protein concentration

The authors draw that managing cattle diets to meet, but not exceed, metabolic protein requirements is the most applied way to reduce N losses; however, diets must be changed carefully to avert unintended negative consequences on beast production. Other possible mitigation approaches are (1) dietary manipulation to decrease N excretion, (2) inhibition of urea hydrolysis, and (iii) capture of ionic ammonium in manure with pen-surface amendments (e.m., urease inhibitors, alum, and zeolites).

To end this section, it is clear that manure management systems that prevent pollution and minimize fugitive CH4 emissions are becoming increasingly attractive. Anaerobic digestion results in the production of biogas that can be used equally a renewable source of electricity on-farm or sold to the distribution grid. Anaerobic digestion can likewise reduce GHG emissions, odors, and water contamination. Digested manure solids can be recycled on-farm every bit bedding fabric, thus decreasing operational expenses (Arikan et al., 2015).

On the other manus, nanotechnology-enabled catalysts will play a critical role in efficient and cost constructive bioconversion and fuel prison cell for electricity product every bit well as enabling efficient energy storage, which will greatly facilitate and do good the development of distributed energy supplies, especially in rural communities where infrastructure is lacking. Such an approach may result in the elimination of the need for organization-wide electricity grids, hence accelerating rural development and improving productivity, business organization and living environment, and will be especially beneficial to developing countries (Thornton, 2010; Chen and Yada, 2011).

Read full affiliate

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scientific discipline/article/pii/B9780081005965212882

PRESLAUGHTER Treatment | Blueprint of Stockyards, Lairages, Corrals, Races, Chutes, and Loading Ramps

T. Grandin , in Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences (2d Edition), 2014

Layout of Stockyards

The best stockyards have one-fashion traffic through the yards. Animals enter through one aisle and exit to go to the stunner through an alley that is at the other end of the pen. Pens can exist laid out either straight or on an angle (herringbone). Angled pens work well but they must be laid out correctly. The correct angle for all species is pens on a 60–80° angle (Effigy three). Never use a 45° angle. Animals might become stuck in the corners. To further eliminate corners, gates tin can be built that are longer than the width of the alley so that they open on an bending. The recommended alley and gate lengths are:

•

Cattle – ten   ft (3   thousand) alley with 12   ft (3.five   chiliad) gates

•

Pigs and sheep – 8   ft (2.v   grand) alley with 10   ft (3   m) gates

Some plants use narrower alleys for pigs. When narrow alleys are used, pigs should be moved in much smaller groups of 10 or less.

Read full affiliate

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012384731700252X

Growth curves and growth patterns

Steven M. Lonergan , ... Dennis Due north. Marple , in The Science of Animal Growth and Meat Technology (2d Edition), 2019

Feedlot Direction Concepts for the Production and Marketing Program

As cattle in the feedlot approach harvest time, real-time ultrasound measurements can be used to aid the feedlot management make good marketing decisions. The 3 criteria used in the study to establish the genetic base for selection of quality cattle for the feedlots should be used in the decision process on when to send the feedlot cattle to the packer for the harvest process. The 3 criteria are as follows:

1.

Live weight: When cattle reach a weight on the growth bend where average daily gains starting time to irksome, it is a practiced fourth dimension to use the real-time ultrasound scans to estimate the carcass traits. This is commonly thirty days or about 100 pounds earlier expected harvest. The live weight of the cattle should be obtained at this time. When the live weight is obtained, the carcass weight of the cattle can be estimated by multiplying the live weight past the estimated dressing percentage (61.v%–63.v%). Marketing cattle at an acceptable weight range is important for obtaining a practiced market price. Acceptable carcass weights usually range from 600 to 950 pounds. Individual packing companies may deviate slightly from this range.

2.

Subcutaneous fat cover: When the alive weights of the cattle are obtained, existent-time ultrasound measurements for the subcutaneous fat comprehend should be obtained at the 12th–13th rib area. The fat thickness is a major cistron for the determination of the USDA Yield grade. The relationships are presented in Table half dozen.ii. This information tin exist used by the feedlot management on when to market the cattle to obtain a good market price and non overfeed the cattle. Feeding cattle to a weight where excess waste material fat is deposited not only reduces the market value but also reduces the feed efficiency of the cattle in the feedlot.

Table 6.2. Human relationship between fat thickness at the 12th rib and USDA preliminary yield grade for cattle

Fatty encompass (in.) Preliminary Yield course
0.ii 2.5
0.4 3.0
0.half dozen 3.5
0.8 iv.0
three.

Percent intramuscular fat: The intramuscular fat percentage should besides exist determined by existent-fourth dimension ultrasound when the cattle are weighed. The intramuscular fat percentage is determined at the twelfth–13th rib of the alive cattle. Intramuscular fat percentage in the live beast can be related to the degree of marbling in the carcass every bit cattle grow in the feedlot. An example is shown in Fig. 6.31, Example A. Feedlot management can use this data as a guide on how long to feed cattle to obtain the nigh profitable return on investments based on the original feeder cattle prices besides as feed costs.

Marbling score is the master determinant for the quality (Prime number, Choice, Select) grades of beef carcasses, and a major price departure often exists between Select and Option grades in most markets. Therefore the feedlot managers will balance the value effect of weight, subcutaneous fat thickness (Yield class Value), and intramuscular fat percentage (Quality course Value) with feed efficiency of the cattle when decisions are made to market the cattle for harvest to the packer.

The feedlot managers have several options to consider when they marketplace cattle. Marketing cattle on a live weight basis is the former method that has been in identify for years. The purchase toll (bid) for the cattle may be from a packer buyer or from a price determined at the sale befouled. The price is for the live weight and is usually expressed every bit the dollars per hundred weight. For this option, carcass information is non usually reported dorsum to the owner of the cattle.

Another pick for the feedlot managers is to sell the cattle for the value of the hot carcass weight. This is oft called selling in the beef by the manufacture. It is used when dressing per centum is hard to evaluate, such as muddy weather of the hide of cattle. Unremarkably this choice includes the value based on a truckload of cattle. In this organisation, the producer or feedlot owner is responsible for the trim loss of the carcass that occurs before the hot carcass weight is obtained. In this marketing choice, the packer can obtain the carcass traits such every bit carcass grade, marbling, and subcutaneous fatty and render the information to the feedlot management or owner of the cattle.

A third marketing option is the Filigree method. When cattle are sold on the grid selection, the packer provides a price for each carcass and provides the 12th–13th rib fat thickness, rib-eye area, and caste of marbling. The carcass Yield grades and Quality grades are likewise provided.

An example of a Filigree Marketing Program that promotes college carcass prices for cattle that accept a Quality grade of Selection and a Yield course of ane or 2 volition be described later. Only a limited number of cattle have these traits. Therefore a Grid Marketing Program for Option Quality grades and Yield grades of 1 or 2 tin be used by the manufacture for choice programs to improve the genetic base and strengthen the marketing programs for cattle with a low amount of subcutaneous fat and a loftier amount of marbling. An example for cattle with these traits is shown in Fig. 6.31 (Example B) when they enter the feedlot until harvest. It is important to market these cattle when they grade Choice and before they deposit more than 0.3   in. of fat at the 12th and 13th rib.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128152775000068

Investigating Feedlot Respiratory Disease Outbreaks

Larry C. Hollis , in Food Animal Practice (5th Edition), 2009

Assemble THE PERTINENT HISTORY

The initial contact past feedlot personnel will describe the reason for their concern. As information nigh the cattle and situation is put together, a mental flick will begin to develop. Questions should motility from general to specific. The normal starting point is a series of general questions, usually starting with request most the region of the country where the cattle originated. The experienced feedlot veterinarian knows that a semiload of cattle purchased through an society buyer in a particular land may be made up of cattle originating from upward to 40 dissimilar farms located in 10 different states. The "origin" just happens to be the home base for the lodge heir-apparent who assembled the load. Gathering this blazon of history helps the veterinarian make up one's mind that the cattle may have come from an surface area where cattle are usually mismanaged or undermanaged, a mineral-deficient surface area, an surface area where tall fescue ofttimes creates a toxicity trouble, or where internal or external parasitism may be a major contributing factor.

Specific history of the cattle should be obtained. What is the age, sex, quality, and origin of the cattle? How were the cattle purchased or supplied to the feedlot—ranch/subcontract of origin, video sale, local sale befouled, stocker or backgrounding operation, order buyer? If cattle were from multiple origins, how long did it accept to put the load together? From which states were cattle assembled? Were cattle fresh at the time of purchase? Were cattle preconditioned? What products, procedures, and timing were included in any preconditioning program? Was annihilation requested to be done to cattle at an lodge buyer facility (east.yard., castrated, dehorned, vaccinated, mass medicated, individuals treated for affliction)? Were any things done that were not requested or anticipated before shipment? Were the trucks make clean earlier the cattle were loaded? When did the trucks load upward and exit for the feedlot? What was the distance between the origin and the feedlot? How long were the trucks en route? Did the trucks encounter whatever delays? Answers to these questions aid develop the mental picture further and provide boosted insight into the overall situation.

Arrival history at the feedlot should and so be obtained. What time of day/night did the trucks arrive? Did a qualified person watch the cattle unload from the trucks? Did the cattle lucifer the description of the order from a wellness status and freshness appearance, too as number, sex, quality, etc.? Were there dead cattle on the truck or cattle that were obviously sick every bit they unloaded from the truck? What did the cattle practice when they were placed in the receiving pen—explore the pen, search for feed and h2o, or lay downward and residuum? Did the cattle appear dehydrated? Were the cattle bawling? How much did the cattle shrink from payweight at the point of origin to the inweight at the feedlot? Were answers based on memory, or were these items routinely recorded for each gear up of cattle received at the feedlot? Again, answers to these questions provide additional insight.

Processing history should exist obtained side by side. How long were the cattle rested betwixt arrival at the feedlot and processing? Were backtags removed to encounter if the amount of hair retained on the backtag matched the amount of hair missing from the spot where the backtag was removed? Which vaccines were administered and what procedures were conducted during processing? How were the vaccines handled from the time of buy until the bodily time of assistants to the animals? Were observations made for ill cattle before and during processing? Were temperatures taken as animals were existence processed? Were any delays encountered during processing? Were cattle mass medicated and, if and then, with what production and dose? Has the processing coiffure experienced problems in the past? Were new personnel working on the processing crew the day the problem cattle were processed? Were serial numbers recorded for products administered, as well as the name of the individual administering each product? Were answers based on memory, or were these items routinely recorded for each set of cattle candy at the feedlot? All of these answers lead to more insight.

Transitioning to feed history should be obtained. What is the full general history of this feedlot'due south power to mix rations properly and evangelize the correct ration to the correct pen of cattle on a timely basis? Were there any problems getting the cattle started on feed? How does this feedlot transition cattle from starting ration to finishing ration? Which ration step were the cattle on when the respiratory outbreak started? If the problem occurred subsequently in the feeding menstruum, were there whatsoever issues getting the cattle to step upwardly through the intermediate rations to the top ration? Were in that location any feed-related problems at any time earlier the fourth dimension the respiratory outbreak occurred?

Time and location history should be obtained. Is at that place only a single pen or several groups of cattle affected? Is information technology a generalized problem or localized to a specific area within the feedlot? Is there a design in the age, sex, or inflow fourth dimension of affected cattle? Is the affected section of the feedlot served by a specific treatment facility? Did the problem ascend following a weekend, holiday, or major social event when feedlot employees might take been preoccupied? Are in that location new pen riders or new members of the handling crew? How well do they know their jobs? Has the veterinarian observed them doing their jobs?

Read full chapter

URL:

https://world wide web.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416035916101289

General Systemic States

In Veterinary Medicine (Eleventh Edition), 2017

Control

Shade lonely is the most important factor in maintaining the comfort of livestock and preventing heat stress. Shade reduces the heat gain from solar radiation and can be provided past trees or artificially by roofs or shades made from cloth or bogus material. Shades should exist placed over feed and where the producer wants the animals to spend their time. The efficiency of metal shades can be increased past painting metallic shades white on the topside and black on the underside. A n–due south orientation will permit drying under the shades as the shaded area moves throughout the day; this may be helpful in decreasing the incidence of coliform mastitis if sprinklers are used nether the shades and cattle prefer to lie under the shades than in freestalls.

In dairy and feedlot cattle, the following measures should be taken to manage heat stress:

•

Provide cool clean water and plenty of trough space for drinking.

•

Use shades and intermittent sprinkler systems (wet time of 1–2 min with an adequate dry out off fourth dimension of 20–xxx min); continuous application of h2o increases the local humidity and decreases the effectiveness of evaporative cooling.

•

Enhance airflow by fans or by providing mounds for cattle to stand on.

•

Suit rations and feed a larger percentage of the ration in the evening when it is cooler.

•

Minimize handling during periods of greatest heat stress.

•

Select cattle based on breed and coat characteristics, and house the most susceptible cattle (heavy, black) on east-sloping lots with the most shade; genetic studies have identified genes associated with resistance to heat stress in dairy cattle. 1,vi

In exercising horses, periodic rests in the shade with fans and water sprinklers and maintaining a normal hydration condition tin can be very helpful in preventing oestrus stress. Monitoring the center rate is a useful and practical method of assessing the caste of estrus stress in horses, because heart rates remain elevated for a longer period of time in horses undergoing heat stress.

If animals have to be confined under conditions of high temperatures and humidity, the use of tranquilizing drugs has been recommended to reduce unnecessary activity. However, care is needed considering blood pressure falls and the animals may take difficulty losing heat if the environs is very hot and in some cases may gain heat. Chlorpromazine, for case, has been shown to increment significantly the survival rate of pigs exposed to heat and humidity stress.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702052460000048

Diseases of the Liver

In Veterinary Medicine (Eleventh Edition), 2017

Treatment

F. necrophorum is susceptible in vitro to β-lactam antibiotics, tetracyclines, macrolides, and lincomycins just is resistant to aminoglycosides and ionophore antibiotics. 2 The apparent sensitivity of this gram-negative pathogen to penicillin and cephalosporins is peculiar even based on its cell wall structure. 2

Liver abscess in feedlot cattle is not clinical and non routinely treated as a clinical illness. In clinical affliction associated with liver abscess, prolonged treatment with loftier doses of antimicrobials is required if therapeutic concentrations are to be accomplished at the site of infection. Relapse is common because of incomplete control of the localized infection.

Treatment and Command

Treatment

Procaine penicillin G (44,000 IU/kg IM every 24 h long term) (R-2)

Oxytetracycline (10 mg/kg IM every 24 h or long-acting formulation 20 mg/kg every 72 h long term) (R-ii)

Ampicillin trihydrate (x mg/kg SC or IM every 24 h long term) (R-2)

Control

Tylosin (90 mg/animate being PO every 24 h long term) (R-1)

Chlortetracycline (70 mg/animal PO every 24 h long term) (R-1)

Oxytetracycline (75 mg/fauna PO every 24 h long term) (R-1)

Virginiamycin (16.five–19.8 mg/kg PO every 24 h long term) (R-1)

Vaccination

Vaccination with Fusobacterium necrophorum leukotoxoid/Trueperella pyogenes bacterin vaccines. (R-1)

IM, intramuscularly; PO, orally; SC, subcutaneously.

Read full affiliate

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702052460000097